Epictetus

Greek Stoic philosopher, born a slave, active in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD

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About

Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher, born around AD 55 in Hierapolis, Phrygia (modern Turkey). Born a slave, he studied philosophy under Musonius Rufus in Rome. After being freed, he taught in Rome until Emperor Domitian banished philosophers in AD 89 or 92. He then settled in Nicopolis, Epirus, where he founded a school and taught until his death around AD 135. He wrote nothing himself; his pupil Arrian recorded his teachings in the Discourses and the Handbook. His central doctrine distinguishes what is up to us (our judgments, desires, will) from what is not (body, possessions, reputation, external events).

Major works

  • DiscoursesPhilosophical discourses
  • EncheiridionHandbook of philosophy

Key milestones

  • c. 55Born in Hierapolis, Phrygia.
  • 89/92Banished from Rome with other philosophers by Emperor Domitian.
  • c. 135Died in Nicopolis, Epirus.

Themes

Distinction between what is up to uInner freedom and self-determinatioAcceptance of external eventsStoic ethics and virtueRole of reason and judgment

Sources: plato.stanford.edu · britannica.com · loc.gov

Reading guide

Which book should you read to discover Epictetus?

Epictetus is especially useful when you want a usable philosophy: start with the short text, then move to the conversations.

Our starting point

A short, practical first approach

Enchiridion

In a few pages, it sets out the central distinction between what depends on us and what does not.

Level
Accessible
Reading time
1–2 hours
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