Confucius

Ancient Chinese philosopher and educator, founder of Confucianism

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About

Confucius (Kong Qiu), born around 551 BCE in Qufu, state of Lu (present-day Shandong), was a Chinese thinker and educator. From a modest family, he held administrative posts in his state before going into voluntary exile for about fourteen years, traveling through several states in search of a ruler willing to adopt his ideas. Returning to Lu, he devoted himself to teaching and compiling classical texts. His teachings, recorded in the Analects (Lunyu), emphasize benevolence (ren), ritual propriety (li), and righteousness (yi), advocating virtuous governance by example. He taught over three thousand disciples and is regarded as one of the most influential figures in history.

Major works

  • Lunyu (Entretiens)collection of sayings
  • Shijing (Livre des Odes)anthology of poems
  • Shujing (Livre des Documents)collection of historical documents
  • Yijing (Livre des Changements)divination and philosophical text
  • Chunqiu (Annales des Printemps et Automnes)historical chronicle

Key milestones

  • c. 551 av. J.-C.Birth of Confucius in Qufu, state of Lu.
  • c. 501 av. J.-C.Appointed Director of the Justice Department in the state of Lu.
  • c. 479 av. J.-C.Death of Confucius in Lu at about age 73.

Themes

Benevolence (ren)Ritual propriety (li)Righteousness (yi)Virtuous governanceEducation and self-cultivation

Sources: plato.stanford.edu · iep.utm.edu